Complex Cd–Pb Multigenerational Exposure Improves the Growth and Food Utilization of the Cutworm Spodoptera litura

Concurrent exposure to cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) is prevalent in the environment, but information on long-term impacts of complex Cd–Pb herbivorous insects, especially at low doses, scant. We studied effects (4.06 mg/kg Cd 12.5 Pb) growth food utilization insect Spodoptera litura for 10 continuous generations. or Pb ingestion, excretion accumulation by different developmental stages was determined ten The weighted scores calculated analytic hierarchy process (AHP) basis parameters survival, indicated that had positive regardless Compared with Cd) (12.5 alone, showed antagonistic interactions. After Cd–Pb, although larvae significantly increased heavy metal uptake along elevated ECD ECI, insects enhanced via feces puparium; consequently, body decreased. With increasing generations, stress became increasingly obvious, decreased while increased, which demonstrated tolerance concentrations over